制造業(yè)最重要的概念是精密度。它有兩個概念，一個是加工精度，另一個是測量精度。

 

The most important concept of manufacturing is precision. There are two concepts in it, one is machining accuracy and the other is measuring accuracy.

 

     How to reflect the size that the designer is hoping for is the machining accuracy, and how to know the size of the machining is the measurement accuracy. Both of these precisions are directly dependent on the accuracy of the machining machine or the working machine of the measuring machine. The machining accuracy of mechanical equipment will only be lost without increasing. The 1/100 mm precision machine can only process workpieces with an error of 1/100 mm or more, so even if the assembly error is not considered, the medium machining accuracy is used. Machines assembled with machined parts can only reach lower precision. To consume parts assembled into medium-precision machines, only high-precision machining machines can be used.

 

如何反映設(shè)計師希望的尺寸是加工精度，如何知道加工尺寸是測量精度。這兩種精度都直接取決于加工機(jī)或測量機(jī)的加工機(jī)的精度。機(jī)械設(shè)備的加工精度只會在不增加的情況下?lián)p失。1/100毫米精密機(jī)床只能加工誤差在1/100毫米或以上的工件，因此即使不考慮裝配誤差，也采用中等加工精度。用機(jī)械零件裝配的機(jī)器只能達(dá)到較低的精度。要消耗組裝成中精密機(jī)床的零件，只能使用高精密機(jī)床。

 

 

 

     According to this principle, to manufacture high-precision machining machines, only ultra-high-precision machining machines can be used. This raises a question: how the so-called "ultra-precision machining machinery" is manufactured and manufactured. The answer may be unpredictable. "Ultra-precision machining machines" are made by hand. When it comes to "precision", it is reminiscent of the technical terms of "computer" and "digital". In theory, precision has nothing to do with those fashionable terms. Before those fashionable terms were presented, humans could have reached high precision. It is. The most important influence on the precision of the machining machine is the rail portion. The moving part of the machine is limited by the guide rail, and the accuracy of the guide rail directly determines the accuracy of the mechanical movement. The sliding surface of the ultra-precision mechanical guide is called "absolute plane" and requires an accuracy of 1/10000 mm or more. Now there is no mechanical machine capable of processing such an absolute plane, which can only be processed by hand.

 

___根據(jù)這一原理，制造高精度加工機(jī)械，只能使用超高精度加工機(jī)械。這就提出了一個問題：所謂的“超精密加工機(jī)械”是如何制造和制造的。答案可能是不可預(yù)測的。”超精密加工機(jī)”是手工制造的。說到“精確性”，它讓人聯(lián)想到“計算機(jī)”和“數(shù)字”的技術(shù)術(shù)語。理論上，精確性與那些時髦的術(shù)語毫無關(guān)系。在這些時髦的術(shù)語出現(xiàn)之前，人類本可以達(dá)到高精度。它是。對機(jī)床精度影響最大的是導(dǎo)軌部分。機(jī)床的運動部分受導(dǎo)軌的限制，導(dǎo)軌的精度直接決定機(jī)械運動的精度。超精密機(jī)械導(dǎo)軌的滑動面稱為“絕對平面”，要求精度為1/10000mm或更高。現(xiàn)在沒有一臺機(jī)械能處理這樣一個絕對平面，只能用手工處理。

 

 

 

 

     Anyone who has seen the sliding surface of a high-precision machine tool guide knows that the so-called "absolute plane" is not a smooth mirror, but a plane that has a regular pattern, and those patterns are the blades of the craftsman who made this plane. Traces underneath.

 

在下面留下痕跡。

 

 

 

     The absolute plane manufacturing process is like this: Xu Zhenjia, a craftsman with experience, uses a blade to level the plane obtained by roughing, and while he is scooping out the plane of the demand, he still makes a contrast plane, and then on the control plane. Apply the color and slide the processing plane on the control plane. At this time, the color part on the processing plane and the color part on the control plane are the higher parts on the two planes, and the demand is shoveled again. The process is repeated abruptly, from time to time the color of the two planes is up to the uniform, and the knife marks left on the plane are just as the lubricating oil groove, double-edged. But this is not an absolute plane, because it is assumed that the same curvature between the two faces will produce the same effect. This is just that the two faces are intact and cannot be guaranteed to be flat, so another reference plane is required. . Generally speaking, when machining an absolute plane, it is necessary to process three planes at the same time. In the three planes, the two sides are divergent, and the absolute plane is calculated.

 

絕對平面制造工藝是應(yīng)用顏色并在控制平面上滑動處理平面。此時，加工平面上的顏色部分和控制平面上的顏色部分是兩個平面上的較高部分，需求再次被鏟平。這一過程是突然重復(fù)的，不時的兩個平面的顏色達(dá)到均勻，平面上留下的刀痕就像潤滑油槽一樣，是雙刃的。但這不是一個絕對平面，因為假設(shè)兩個面之間的相同曲率會產(chǎn)生相同的效果。這只是兩個面是完整的，不能保證是平的，所以需要另一個基準(zhǔn)面。一般來說，加工一個絕對平面時，需要同時加工三個平面。在三個平面中，兩邊是發(fā)散的，并計算出絕對平面。

 

 

The companies that normally use the absolute planes required for this type of process machinery are mainly in Germany, Switzerland and Japan, which is why these countries can consume high-precision mechanical equipment. This kind of precision processing company in Japan is mainly concentrated in the area around the 43 degree north latitude of Niigata Prefecture. There is a climatological reason here. The Japanese craftsmanship was learned from the Germans. At that time, when the government selected the address of the precision processing industry, the climate was selected to be similar to the 43 degree north latitude in Germany. The humidity is small and the temperature is also coiled at around 20 degrees Celsius, which is most suitable for precision machining. At that time, there was no air-conditioning equipment. It is unimaginable to install air-conditioning equipment in the consumer workshop. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the temperature difference when selecting the site. The material expansion and contraction caused by the temperature difference has a great influence on the manufacture and assembly of precision products.

 

通常使用這種加工機(jī)械所需的絕對平面的公司主要在德國、瑞士和日本，這也是這些國家能夠消費高精度機(jī)械設(shè)備的原因。日本這種精密加工公司主要集中在新瀉州北緯43度左右的地區(qū)。這里有一個氣候原因。日本的工藝是從德國人那里學(xué)來的。當(dāng)時，政府在選擇精密加工工業(yè)的地址時，選擇了與德國北緯43度相似的氣候。濕度小，溫度也在20攝氏度左右，最適合精密加工。當(dāng)時沒有空調(diào)設(shè)備。在消費品車間安裝空調(diào)設(shè)備是不可想象的。因此，在選址時應(yīng)注意溫差。溫差引起的材料膨脹和收縮對精密產(chǎn)品的制造和裝配有很大的影響。

 

 

 

     The temperature difference not only affects the workpiece, but the bed of the ultra-precision grinder that I have seen does not use ordinary cast iron, but uses granite to reduce the influence of temperature difference. These enterprises are basically small companies with several people to dozens of people. It is said that small workshops are not too hot, but apart from these small workshops, world-renowned mechanical brands such as Yasuda, Mori and Makino cannot be established. The Japanese economy has been sluggish for more than a decade, but these companies that are engaged in the manufacture of sliding planes have never been affected. Because this industry is the most fundamental of manufacturing, demanding technology and rich experience, it has only been Not enough, no excess. In particular, as the range of applications of electronic technology expands from time to time, the demand for high-precision processing machinery will only increase from time to time without reducing.

 

   這些企業(yè)基本上都是小公司，有幾人到幾十人。據(jù)說，小作坊并不太熱，但除了這些小作坊之外，還無法建立起世界知名的機(jī)械品牌，如Yasuda、Mori和Makino。日本經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)停滯了十多年，但這些從事滑動飛機(jī)制造的公司從未受到影響。因為這個行業(yè)是制造業(yè)最基礎(chǔ)、技術(shù)最苛刻、經(jīng)驗最豐富的行業(yè)，所以它只是不夠，沒有過剩。特別是，隨著電子技術(shù)應(yīng)用范圍的不斷擴(kuò)大，對高精度加工機(jī)械的需求也只會不斷增加而不會減少。